Data Persistence
****************

The modules described in this chapter support storing Python data in a
persistent form on disk.  The "pickle" and "marshal" modules can turn
many Python data types into a stream of bytes and then recreate the
objects from the bytes.  The various DBM-related modules support a
family of hash-based file formats that store a mapping of strings to
other strings.

The list of modules described in this chapter is:

* "pickle" --- Python object serialization

  * Relationship to other Python modules

    * Comparison with "marshal"

    * Comparison with "json"

  * Data stream format

  * Module Interface

  * What can be pickled and unpickled?

  * Pickling Class Instances

    * Persistence of External Objects

    * Dispatch Tables

    * Handling Stateful Objects

  * Custom Reduction for Types, Functions, and Other Objects

  * Out-of-band Buffers

    * Provider API

    * Consumer API

    * Example

  * Restricting Globals

  * Performance

  * Examples

  * Command-line interface

* "copyreg" --- Register "pickle" support functions

  * Example

* "shelve" --- Python object persistence

  * Restrictions

  * Example

  * Exceptions

* "marshal" --- Internal Python object serialization

* "dbm" --- Interfaces to Unix "databases"

  * "dbm.sqlite3" --- SQLite backend for dbm

  * "dbm.gnu" --- GNU database manager

  * "dbm.ndbm" --- New Database Manager

  * "dbm.dumb" --- Portable DBM implementation

* "sqlite3" --- DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases

  * Tutorial

  * Reference

    * Module functions

    * Module constants

    * Connection objects

    * Cursor objects

    * Row objects

    * Blob objects

    * PrepareProtocol objects

    * Exceptions

    * SQLite and Python types

    * Default adapters and converters (deprecated)

    * Command-line interface

  * How-to guides

    * How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL queries

    * How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite values

      * How to write adaptable objects

      * How to register adapter callables

    * How to convert SQLite values to custom Python types

    * Adapter and converter recipes

    * How to use connection shortcut methods

    * How to use the connection context manager

    * How to work with SQLite URIs

    * How to create and use row factories

    * How to handle non-UTF-8 text encodings

  * Explanation

    * Transaction control

      * Transaction control via the "autocommit" attribute

      * Transaction control via the "isolation_level" attribute
