정수 객체
*********

모든 정수는 임의의 크기의 "long" 정수 객체로 구현됩니다.

에러 시, 대부분의 "PyLong_As*" API는 숫자와 구별할 수 없는 "(return
type)-1"을 반환합니다. 모호성을 제거하려면 "PyErr_Occurred()"를 사용하
십시오.

type PyLongObject
    * Part of the Limited API (as an opaque struct).*

   이 "PyObject"의 서브 형은 파이썬 정수 객체를 나타냅니다.

PyTypeObject PyLong_Type
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   이 "PyTypeObject" 인스턴스는 파이썬 정수 형을 나타냅니다. 이것은 파
   이썬 계층의 "int"와 같은 객체입니다.

int PyLong_Check(PyObject *p)

   인자가 "PyLongObject"이나 "PyLongObject"의 서브 형이면 참을 반환합
   니다. 이 함수는 항상 성공합니다.

int PyLong_CheckExact(PyObject *p)

   인자가 "PyLongObject" 이지만 "PyLongObject"의 서브 형이 아니면 참을
   반환합니다. 이 함수는 항상 성공합니다.

PyObject *PyLong_FromLong(long v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   *v*로부터 새 "PyLongObject" 객체를 반환하거나, 실패하면 "NULL"을 반
   환합니다.

   The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects for
   all integers between "-5" and "256". When you create an int in that
   range you actually just get back a reference to the existing
   object.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(unsigned long v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" object from a C unsigned long, or
   "NULL" on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromSsize_t(Py_ssize_t v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   C "Py_ssize_t"로부터 새 "PyLongObject" 객체를 반환하거나, 실패하면
   "NULL"을 반환합니다.

PyObject *PyLong_FromSize_t(size_t v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   C "size_t"로부터 새 "PyLongObject" 객체를 반환하거나, 실패하면
   "NULL"을 반환합니다.

PyObject *PyLong_FromLongLong(long long v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" object from a C long long, or "NULL" on
   failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(unsigned long long v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" object from a C unsigned long long, or
   "NULL" on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromDouble(double v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   *v*의 정수 부분으로부터 새 "PyLongObject" 객체를 반환하거나, 실패하
   면 "NULL"을 반환합니다.

PyObject *PyLong_FromString(const char *str, char **pend, int base)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" based on the string value in *str*,
   which is interpreted according to the radix in *base*, or "NULL" on
   failure.  If *pend* is non-"NULL", **pend* will point to the end of
   *str* on success or to the first character that could not be
   processed on error.  If *base* is "0", *str* is interpreted using
   the 정수 리터럴 definition; in this case, leading zeros in a non-
   zero decimal number raises a "ValueError".  If *base* is not "0",
   it must be between "2" and "36", inclusive.  Leading and trailing
   whitespace and single underscores after a base specifier and
   between digits are ignored.  If there are no digits or *str* is not
   NULL-terminated following the digits and trailing whitespace,
   "ValueError" will be raised.

   더 보기:

     Python methods "int.to_bytes()" and "int.from_bytes()" to convert
     a "PyLongObject" to/from an array of bytes in base "256". You can
     call those from C using "PyObject_CallMethod()".

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnicodeObject(PyObject *u, int base)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   문자열 *u*에 있는 유니코드 숫자의 시퀀스를 파이썬 정숫값으로 변환합
   니다.

   Added in version 3.3.

PyObject *PyLong_FromVoidPtr(void *p)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   포인터 *p*로부터 파이썬 정수를 만듭니다. 포인터 값은
   "PyLong_AsVoidPtr()"를 사용하여 결괏값에서 조회할 수 있습니다.

PyObject *PyLong_FromNativeBytes(const void *buffer, size_t n_bytes, int flags)

   Create a Python integer from the value contained in the first
   *n_bytes* of *buffer*, interpreted as a two's-complement signed
   number.

   *flags* are as for "PyLong_AsNativeBytes()". Passing "-1" will
   select the native endian that CPython was compiled with and assume
   that the most-significant bit is a sign bit. Passing
   "Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER" will produce the same result as
   calling "PyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes()". Other flags are
   ignored.

   Added in version 3.13.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes(const void *buffer, size_t n_bytes, int flags)

   Create a Python integer from the value contained in the first
   *n_bytes* of *buffer*, interpreted as an unsigned number.

   *flags* are as for "PyLong_AsNativeBytes()". Passing "-1" will
   select the native endian that CPython was compiled with and assume
   that the most-significant bit is not a sign bit. Flags other than
   endian are ignored.

   Added in version 3.13.

long PyLong_AsLong(PyObject *obj)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method (if
   present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *obj* is out of range for a
   long.

   에러 시 "-1"을 반환합니다. 모호성을 제거하려면 "PyErr_Occurred()"를
   사용하십시오.

   버전 3.8에서 변경: Use "__index__()" if available.

   버전 3.10에서 변경: This function will no longer use "__int__()".

   long PyLong_AS_LONG(PyObject *obj)

      A *soft deprecated* alias. Exactly equivalent to the preferred
      "PyLong_AsLong". In particular, it can fail with "OverflowError"
      or another exception.

      버전 3.14부터 폐지됨: The function is soft deprecated.

int PyLong_AsInt(PyObject *obj)
    * Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.*

   Similar to "PyLong_AsLong()", but store the result in a C int
   instead of a C long.

   Added in version 3.13.

long PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method (if
   present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is greater than "LONG_MAX" or less than
   "LONG_MIN", set **overflow* to "1" or "-1", respectively, and
   return "-1"; otherwise, set **overflow* to "0".  If any other
   exception occurs set **overflow* to "0" and return "-1" as usual.

   에러 시 "-1"을 반환합니다. 모호성을 제거하려면 "PyErr_Occurred()"를
   사용하십시오.

   버전 3.8에서 변경: Use "__index__()" if available.

   버전 3.10에서 변경: This function will no longer use "__int__()".

long long PyLong_AsLongLong(PyObject *obj)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C long long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method (if
   present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *obj* is out of range for a
   long long.

   에러 시 "-1"을 반환합니다. 모호성을 제거하려면 "PyErr_Occurred()"를
   사용하십시오.

   버전 3.8에서 변경: Use "__index__()" if available.

   버전 3.10에서 변경: This function will no longer use "__int__()".

long long PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C long long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method (if
   present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is greater than "LLONG_MAX" or less than
   "LLONG_MIN", set **overflow* to "1" or "-1", respectively, and
   return "-1"; otherwise, set **overflow* to "0".  If any other
   exception occurs set **overflow* to "0" and return "-1" as usual.

   에러 시 "-1"을 반환합니다. 모호성을 제거하려면 "PyErr_Occurred()"를
   사용하십시오.

   Added in version 3.2.

   버전 3.8에서 변경: Use "__index__()" if available.

   버전 3.10에서 변경: This function will no longer use "__int__()".

Py_ssize_t PyLong_AsSsize_t(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   *pylong*의 C "Py_ssize_t" 표현을 반환합니다. *pylong*은
   "PyLongObject"의 인스턴스여야 합니다.

   *pylong*의 값이 "Py_ssize_t"의 범위를 벗어나면 "OverflowError"를 발
   생시킵니다.

   에러 시 "-1"을 반환합니다. 모호성을 제거하려면 "PyErr_Occurred()"를
   사용하십시오.

unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C unsigned long representation of *pylong*.  *pylong* must
   be an instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   a unsigned long.

   에러 시 "(unsigned long)-1"을 반환합니다. 모호성을 제거하려면
   "PyErr_Occurred()"를 사용하십시오.

size_t PyLong_AsSize_t(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   *pylong*의 C "size_t" 표현을 반환합니다. *pylong*은 "PyLongObject"
   의 인스턴스여야 합니다.

   *pylong*의 값이 "size_t"의 범위를 벗어나면 "OverflowError"를 발생시
   킵니다.

   에러 시 "(size_t)-1"을 반환합니다. 모호성을 제거하려면
   "PyErr_Occurred()"를 사용하십시오.

unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C unsigned long long representation of *pylong*.  *pylong*
   must be an instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   an unsigned long long.

   에러 시 "(unsigned long long)-1"을 반환합니다. 모호성을 제거하려면
   "PyErr_Occurred()"를 사용하십시오.

   버전 3.1에서 변경: 음의 *pylong*는 이제 "TypeError"가 아니라
   "OverflowError"를 발생시킵니다.

unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(PyObject *obj)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C unsigned long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not
   an instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method
   (if present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is out of range for an unsigned long, return
   the reduction of that value modulo "ULONG_MAX + 1".

   에러 시 "(unsigned long)-1"을 반환합니다. 모호성을 제거하려면
   "PyErr_Occurred()"를 사용하십시오.

   버전 3.8에서 변경: Use "__index__()" if available.

   버전 3.10에서 변경: This function will no longer use "__int__()".

unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(PyObject *obj)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C unsigned long long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is
   not an instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()"
   method (if present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is out of range for an unsigned long long,
   return the reduction of that value modulo "ULLONG_MAX + 1".

   에러 시 "(unsigned long long)-1"을 반환합니다. 모호성을 제거하려면
   "PyErr_Occurred()"를 사용하십시오.

   버전 3.8에서 변경: Use "__index__()" if available.

   버전 3.10에서 변경: This function will no longer use "__int__()".

double PyLong_AsDouble(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C double representation of *pylong*.  *pylong* must be an
   instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   a double.

   에러 시 "-1.0"을 반환합니다. 모호성을 제거하려면 "PyErr_Occurred()"
   를 사용하십시오.

void *PyLong_AsVoidPtr(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Convert a Python integer *pylong* to a C void pointer. If *pylong*
   cannot be converted, an "OverflowError" will be raised.  This is
   only assured to produce a usable void pointer for values created
   with "PyLong_FromVoidPtr()".

   에러 시 "NULL"을 반환합니다. 모호성을 제거하려면 "PyErr_Occurred()"
   를 사용하십시오.

Py_ssize_t PyLong_AsNativeBytes(PyObject *pylong, void *buffer, Py_ssize_t n_bytes, int flags)

   Copy the Python integer value *pylong* to a native *buffer* of size
   *n_bytes*. The *flags* can be set to "-1" to behave similarly to a
   C cast, or to values documented below to control the behavior.

   Returns "-1" with an exception raised on error.  This may happen if
   *pylong* cannot be interpreted as an integer, or if *pylong* was
   negative and the "Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE" flag was set.

   Otherwise, returns the number of bytes required to store the value.
   If this is equal to or less than *n_bytes*, the entire value was
   copied. All *n_bytes* of the buffer are written: large buffers are
   padded with zeroes.

   If the returned value is greater than than *n_bytes*, the value was
   truncated: as many of the lowest bits of the value as could fit are
   written, and the higher bits are ignored. This matches the typical
   behavior of a C-style downcast.

   참고:

     Overflow is not considered an error. If the returned value is
     larger than *n_bytes*, most significant bits were discarded.

   "0" will never be returned.

   Values are always copied as two's-complement.

   Usage example:

      int32_t value;
      Py_ssize_t bytes = PyLong_AsNativeBytes(pylong, &value, sizeof(value), -1);
      if (bytes < 0) {
          // Failed. A Python exception was set with the reason.
          return NULL;
      }
      else if (bytes <= (Py_ssize_t)sizeof(value)) {
          // Success!
      }
      else {
          // Overflow occurred, but 'value' contains the truncated
          // lowest bits of pylong.
      }

   Passing zero to *n_bytes* will return the size of a buffer that
   would be large enough to hold the value. This may be larger than
   technically necessary, but not unreasonably so. If *n_bytes=0*,
   *buffer* may be "NULL".

   참고:

     Passing *n_bytes=0* to this function is not an accurate way to
     determine the bit length of the value.

   To get at the entire Python value of an unknown size, the function
   can be called twice: first to determine the buffer size, then to
   fill it:

      // Ask how much space we need.
      Py_ssize_t expected = PyLong_AsNativeBytes(pylong, NULL, 0, -1);
      if (expected < 0) {
          // Failed. A Python exception was set with the reason.
          return NULL;
      }
      assert(expected != 0);  // Impossible per the API definition.
      uint8_t *bignum = malloc(expected);
      if (!bignum) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "bignum malloc failed.");
          return NULL;
      }
      // Safely get the entire value.
      Py_ssize_t bytes = PyLong_AsNativeBytes(pylong, bignum, expected, -1);
      if (bytes < 0) {  // Exception has been set.
          free(bignum);
          return NULL;
      }
      else if (bytes > expected) {  // This should not be possible.
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
              "Unexpected bignum truncation after a size check.");
          free(bignum);
          return NULL;
      }
      // The expected success given the above pre-check.
      // ... use bignum ...
      free(bignum);

   *flags* is either "-1" ("Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_DEFAULTS") to select
   defaults that behave most like a C cast, or a combination of the
   other flags in the table below. Note that "-1" cannot be combined
   with other flags.

   Currently, "-1" corresponds to "Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN |
   Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER".

   +-----------------------------------------------+--------+
   | Flag                                          | Value  |
   |===============================================|========|
   | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_DEFAULTS                     | "-1"   |
   +-----------------------------------------------+--------+
   | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_BIG_ENDIAN                   | "0"    |
   +-----------------------------------------------+--------+
   | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_LITTLE_ENDIAN                | "1"    |
   +-----------------------------------------------+--------+
   | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN                | "3"    |
   +-----------------------------------------------+--------+
   | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER              | "4"    |
   +-----------------------------------------------+--------+
   | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE              | "8"    |
   +-----------------------------------------------+--------+
   | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_ALLOW_INDEX                  | "16"   |
   +-----------------------------------------------+--------+

   Specifying "Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN" will override any other
   endian flags. Passing "2" is reserved.

   By default, sufficient buffer will be requested to include a sign
   bit. For example, when converting 128 with *n_bytes=1*, the
   function will return 2 (or more) in order to store a zero sign bit.

   If "Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER" is specified, a zero sign bit
   will be omitted from size calculations. This allows, for example,
   128 to fit in a single-byte buffer. If the destination buffer is
   later treated as signed, a positive input value may become
   negative. Note that the flag does not affect handling of negative
   values: for those, space for a sign bit is always requested.

   Specifying "Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE" causes an exception
   to be set if *pylong* is negative. Without this flag, negative
   values will be copied provided there is enough space for at least
   one sign bit, regardless of whether
   "Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER" was specified.

   If "Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_ALLOW_INDEX" is specified and a non-integer
   value is passed, its "__index__()" method will be called first.
   This may result in Python code executing and other threads being
   allowed to run, which could cause changes to other objects or
   values in use. When *flags* is "-1", this option is not set, and
   non-integer values will raise "TypeError".

   참고:

     With the default *flags* ("-1", or *UNSIGNED_BUFFER*  without
     *REJECT_NEGATIVE*), multiple Python integers can map to a single
     value without overflow. For example, both "255" and "-1" fit a
     single-byte buffer and set all its bits. This matches typical C
     cast behavior.

   Added in version 3.13.

PyObject *PyLong_GetInfo(void)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   On success, return a read only *named tuple*, that holds
   information about Python's internal representation of integers. See
   "sys.int_info" for description of individual fields.

   On failure, return "NULL" with an exception set.

   Added in version 3.1.

int PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact(const PyLongObject *op)

   *This is Unstable API. It may change without warning in minor
   releases.*

   Return 1 if *op* is compact, 0 otherwise.

   This function makes it possible for performance-critical code to
   implement a “fast path” for small integers. For compact values use
   "PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue()"; for others fall back to a
   "PyLong_As*" function or "PyLong_AsNativeBytes()".

   The speedup is expected to be negligible for most users.

   Exactly what values are considered compact is an implementation
   detail and is subject to change.

   Added in version 3.12.

Py_ssize_t PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue(const PyLongObject *op)

   *This is Unstable API. It may change without warning in minor
   releases.*

   If *op* is compact, as determined by "PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact()",
   return its value.

   Otherwise, the return value is undefined.

   Added in version 3.12.
