형 객체
*******

type PyTypeObject
    * Part of the Limited API (as an opaque struct).*

   내장형을 기술하는 데 사용되는 객체의 C 구조체.

PyTypeObject PyType_Type
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   이것은 형 객체의 형 객체입니다; 파이썬 계층의 "type"과 같은 객체입
   니다.

int PyType_Check(PyObject *o)

   객체 *o*가 표준형 객체에서 파생된 형의 인스턴스를 포함하여 형 객체
   면 0이 아닌 값을 반환합니다. 다른 모든 경우 0을 반환합니다. 이 함수
   는 항상 성공합니다.

int PyType_CheckExact(PyObject *o)

   객체 *o*가 형 객체이지만, 표준형 객체의 서브 형이 아니면 0이 아닌
   값을 반환합니다. 다른 모든 경우 0을 반환합니다. 이 함수는 항상 성공
   합니다.

unsigned int PyType_ClearCache()
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   내부 조회 캐시를 지웁니다. 현재의 버전 태그를 반환합니다.

unsigned long PyType_GetFlags(PyTypeObject *type)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return the "tp_flags" member of *type*. This function is primarily
   meant for use with "Py_LIMITED_API"; the individual flag bits are
   guaranteed to be stable across Python releases, but access to
   "tp_flags" itself is not part of the limited API.

   Added in version 3.2.

   버전 3.4에서 변경: 반환형은 이제 "long"이 아니라 "unsigned long"입
   니다.

PyObject *PyType_GetDict(PyTypeObject *type)

   Return the type object's internal namespace, which is otherwise
   only exposed via a read-only proxy ("cls.__dict__"). This is a
   replacement for accessing "tp_dict" directly. The returned
   dictionary must be treated as read-only.

   This function is meant for specific embedding and language-binding
   cases, where direct access to the dict is necessary and indirect
   access (e.g. via the proxy or "PyObject_GetAttr()") isn't adequate.

   Extension modules should continue to use "tp_dict", directly or
   indirectly, when setting up their own types.

   Added in version 3.12.

void PyType_Modified(PyTypeObject *type)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   형과 그것의 모든 서브 형에 대한 내부 검색 캐시를 무효로 합니다. 형
   의 어트리뷰트나 베이스 클래스를 수동으로 수정한 후에는 이 함수를 호
   출해야 합니다.

int PyType_AddWatcher(PyType_WatchCallback callback)

   Register *callback* as a type watcher. Return a non-negative
   integer ID which must be passed to future calls to
   "PyType_Watch()". In case of error (e.g. no more watcher IDs
   available), return "-1" and set an exception.

   In free-threaded builds, "PyType_AddWatcher()" is not thread-safe,
   so it must be called at start up (before spawning the first
   thread).

   Added in version 3.12.

int PyType_ClearWatcher(int watcher_id)

   Clear watcher identified by *watcher_id* (previously returned from
   "PyType_AddWatcher()"). Return "0" on success, "-1" on error (e.g.
   if *watcher_id* was never registered.)

   An extension should never call "PyType_ClearWatcher" with a
   *watcher_id* that was not returned to it by a previous call to
   "PyType_AddWatcher()".

   Added in version 3.12.

int PyType_Watch(int watcher_id, PyObject *type)

   Mark *type* as watched. The callback granted *watcher_id* by
   "PyType_AddWatcher()" will be called whenever "PyType_Modified()"
   reports a change to *type*. (The callback may be called only once
   for a series of consecutive modifications to *type*, if
   "_PyType_Lookup()" is not called on *type* between the
   modifications; this is an implementation detail and subject to
   change.)

   An extension should never call "PyType_Watch" with a *watcher_id*
   that was not returned to it by a previous call to
   "PyType_AddWatcher()".

   Added in version 3.12.

typedef int (*PyType_WatchCallback)(PyObject *type)

   Type of a type-watcher callback function.

   The callback must not modify *type* or cause "PyType_Modified()" to
   be called on *type* or any type in its MRO; violating this rule
   could cause infinite recursion.

   Added in version 3.12.

int PyType_HasFeature(PyTypeObject *o, int feature)

   형 객체 *o*가 기능 *feature*를 설정하면 0이 아닌 값을 반환합니다.
   형 기능은 단일 비트 플래그로 표시됩니다.

int PyType_IS_GC(PyTypeObject *o)

   Return true if the type object includes support for the cycle
   detector; this tests the type flag "Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC".

int PyType_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   *a*가 *b*의 서브 형이면 참을 반환합니다.

   This function only checks for actual subtypes, which means that
   "__subclasscheck__()" is not called on *b*.  Call
   "PyObject_IsSubclass()" to do the same check that "issubclass()"
   would do.

PyObject *PyType_GenericAlloc(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t nitems)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   형 객체의 "tp_alloc" 슬롯을 위한 일반 처리기. 파이썬의 기본 메모리
   할당 메커니즘을 사용하여 새 인스턴스를 할당하고 모든 내용을 "NULL"
   로 초기화합니다.

PyObject *PyType_GenericNew(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   형 객체의 "tp_new" 슬롯을 위한 일반 처리기. 형의 "tp_alloc" 슬롯을
   사용하여 새 인스턴스를 만듭니다.

int PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *type)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   형 개체를 마무리합니다. 초기화를 완료하려면 모든 형 객체에 대해 이
   메서드를 호출해야 합니다. 이 함수는 형의 베이스 클래스에서 상속된
   슬롯을 추가합니다. 성공 시 "0"을 반환하고, 오류 시 "-1"을 반환하고
   예외를 설정합니다.

   참고:

     If some of the base classes implements the GC protocol and the
     provided type does not include the "Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" in its
     flags, then the GC protocol will be automatically implemented
     from its parents. On the contrary, if the type being created does
     include "Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" in its flags then it **must**
     implement the GC protocol itself by at least implementing the
     "tp_traverse" handle.

PyObject *PyType_GetName(PyTypeObject *type)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI since
   version 3.11.*

   Return the type's name. Equivalent to getting the type's "__name__"
   attribute.

   Added in version 3.11.

PyObject *PyType_GetQualName(PyTypeObject *type)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI since
   version 3.11.*

   Return the type's qualified name. Equivalent to getting the type's
   "__qualname__" attribute.

   Added in version 3.11.

PyObject *PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(PyTypeObject *type)
    * Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.*

   Return the type's fully qualified name. Equivalent to
   "f"{type.__module__}.{type.__qualname__}"", or "type.__qualname__"
   if "type.__module__" is not a string or is equal to ""builtins"".

   Added in version 3.13.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleName(PyTypeObject *type)
    * Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.*

   Return the type's module name. Equivalent to getting the
   "type.__module__" attribute.

   Added in version 3.13.

void *PyType_GetSlot(PyTypeObject *type, int slot)
    * Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.4.*

   지정된 슬롯에 저장된 함수 포인터를 반환합니다. 결과가 "NULL"이면,
   슬롯이 "NULL"이거나 함수가 유효하지 않은 매개 변수로 호출되었음을
   나타냅니다. 호출자는 일반적으로 결과 포인터를 적절한 함수 형으로 캐
   스팅합니다.

   *slot* 인자의 가능한 값은 "PyType_Slot.slot"을 참조하십시오.

   Added in version 3.4.

   버전 3.10에서 변경: "PyType_GetSlot()" can now accept all types.
   Previously, it was limited to heap types.

PyObject *PyType_GetModule(PyTypeObject *type)
    * Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.*

   "PyType_FromModuleAndSpec()"를 사용하여 형을 만들 때 지정된 형과 관
   련된 모듈 객체를 반환합니다.

   주어진 형과 연관된 모듈이 없으면, "TypeError"를 설정하고 "NULL"을
   반환합니다.

   This function is usually used to get the module in which a method
   is defined. Note that in such a method,
   "PyType_GetModule(Py_TYPE(self))" may not return the intended
   result. "Py_TYPE(self)" may be a *subclass* of the intended class,
   and subclasses are not necessarily defined in the same module as
   their superclass. See "PyCMethod" to get the class that defines the
   method. See "PyType_GetModuleByDef()" for cases when "PyCMethod"
   cannot be used.

   Added in version 3.9.

void *PyType_GetModuleState(PyTypeObject *type)
    * Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.*

   주어진 형과 관련된 모듈 객체의 상태를 반환합니다.
   "PyType_GetModule()" 결과에 "PyModule_GetState()"를 호출하는 바로
   가기입니다.

   주어진 형과 연관된 모듈이 없으면, "TypeError"를 설정하고 "NULL"을
   반환합니다.

   *type*에 연관된 모듈이 있지만, 상태가 "NULL"이면, 예외를 설정하지
   않고 "NULL"을 반환합니다.

   Added in version 3.9.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleByDef(PyTypeObject *type, struct PyModuleDef *def)
    * Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.*

   Find the first superclass whose module was created from the given
   "PyModuleDef" *def*, and return that module.

   If no module is found, raises a "TypeError" and returns "NULL".

   This function is intended to be used together with
   "PyModule_GetState()" to get module state from slot methods (such
   as "tp_init" or "nb_add") and other places where a method's
   defining class cannot be passed using the "PyCMethod" calling
   convention.

   Added in version 3.11.

int PyUnstable_Type_AssignVersionTag(PyTypeObject *type)

   *This is Unstable API. It may change without warning in minor
   releases.*

   Attempt to assign a version tag to the given type.

   Returns 1 if the type already had a valid version tag or a new one
   was assigned, or 0 if a new tag could not be assigned.

   Added in version 3.12.


힙에 할당된 형 만들기
=====================

다음 함수와 구조체는 힙 형을 만드는 데 사용됩니다.

PyObject *PyType_FromMetaclass(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
    * Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.12.*

   Create and return a heap type from the *spec* (see
   "Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE").

   The metaclass *metaclass* is used to construct the resulting type
   object. When *metaclass* is "NULL", the metaclass is derived from
   *bases* (or *Py_tp_base[s]* slots if *bases* is "NULL", see below).

   Metaclasses that override "tp_new" are not supported, except if
   "tp_new" is "NULL". (For backwards compatibility, other
   "PyType_From*" functions allow such metaclasses. They ignore
   "tp_new", which may result in incomplete initialization. This is
   deprecated and in Python 3.14+ such metaclasses will not be
   supported.)

   The *bases* argument can be used to specify base classes; it can
   either be only one class or a tuple of classes. If *bases* is
   "NULL", the *Py_tp_bases* slot is used instead. If that also is
   "NULL", the *Py_tp_base* slot is used instead. If that also is
   "NULL", the new type derives from "object".

   The *module* argument can be used to record the module in which the
   new class is defined. It must be a module object or "NULL". If not
   "NULL", the module is associated with the new type and can later be
   retrieved with "PyType_GetModule()". The associated module is not
   inherited by subclasses; it must be specified for each class
   individually.

   이 함수는 새로운 형에 "PyType_Ready()"를 호출합니다.

   Note that this function does *not* fully match the behavior of
   calling "type()" or using the "class" statement. With user-provided
   base types or metaclasses, prefer calling "type" (or the metaclass)
   over "PyType_From*" functions. Specifically:

   * "__new__()" is not called on the new class (and it must be set to
     "type.__new__").

   * "__init__()" is not called on the new class.

   * "__init_subclass__()" is not called on any bases.

   * "__set_name__()" is not called on new descriptors.

   Added in version 3.12.

PyObject *PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI since
   version 3.10.*

   Equivalent to "PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, module, spec, bases)".

   Added in version 3.9.

   버전 3.10에서 변경: The function now accepts a single class as the
   *bases* argument and "NULL" as the "tp_doc" slot.

   버전 3.12에서 변경: The function now finds and uses a metaclass
   corresponding to the provided base classes.  Previously, only
   "type" instances were returned.The "tp_new" of the metaclass is
   *ignored*. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating
   classes whose metaclass overrides "tp_new" is deprecated and in
   Python 3.14+ it will be no longer allowed.

PyObject *PyType_FromSpecWithBases(PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI since
   version 3.3.*

   Equivalent to "PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, bases)".

   Added in version 3.3.

   버전 3.12에서 변경: The function now finds and uses a metaclass
   corresponding to the provided base classes.  Previously, only
   "type" instances were returned.The "tp_new" of the metaclass is
   *ignored*. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating
   classes whose metaclass overrides "tp_new" is deprecated and in
   Python 3.14+ it will be no longer allowed.

PyObject *PyType_FromSpec(PyType_Spec *spec)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Equivalent to "PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, NULL)".

   버전 3.12에서 변경: The function now finds and uses a metaclass
   corresponding to the base classes provided in *Py_tp_base[s]*
   slots. Previously, only "type" instances were returned.The "tp_new"
   of the metaclass is *ignored*. which may result in incomplete
   initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overrides "tp_new"
   is deprecated and in Python 3.14+ it will be no longer allowed.

type PyType_Spec
    * Part of the Stable ABI (including all members).*

   형의 행동을 정의하는 구조체.

   const char *name

      형의 이름, "PyTypeObject.tp_name"을 설정하는 데 사용됩니다.

   int basicsize

      If positive, specifies the size of the instance in bytes. It is
      used to set "PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize".

      If zero, specifies that "tp_basicsize" should be inherited.

      If negative, the absolute value specifies how much space
      instances of the class need *in addition* to the superclass. Use
      "PyObject_GetTypeData()" to get a pointer to subclass-specific
      memory reserved this way. For negative "basicsize", Python will
      insert padding when needed to meet "tp_basicsize"'s alignment
      requirements.

      버전 3.12에서 변경: Previously, this field could not be
      negative.

   int itemsize

      Size of one element of a variable-size type, in bytes. Used to
      set "PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize". See "tp_itemsize" documentation
      for caveats.

      If zero, "tp_itemsize" is inherited. Extending arbitrary
      variable-sized classes is dangerous, since some types use a
      fixed offset for variable-sized memory, which can then overlap
      fixed-sized memory used by a subclass. To help prevent mistakes,
      inheriting "itemsize" is only possible in the following
      situations:

      * The base is not variable-sized (its "tp_itemsize").

      * The requested "PyType_Spec.basicsize" is positive, suggesting
        that the memory layout of the base class is known.

      * The requested "PyType_Spec.basicsize" is zero, suggesting that
        the subclass does not access the instance's memory directly.

      * With the "Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END" flag.

   unsigned int flags

      형 플래그, "PyTypeObject.tp_flags"를 설정하는 데 사용됩니다.

      "Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE" 플래그가 설정되어 있지 않으면,
      "PyType_FromSpecWithBases()" 가 자동으로 플래그를 설정합니다.

   PyType_Slot *slots

      "PyType_Slot" 구조체의 배열. 특수 슬롯값 "{0, NULL}"에 의해 종료
      됩니다.

      Each slot ID should be specified at most once.

type PyType_Slot
    * Part of the Stable ABI (including all members).*

   형의 선택적 기능을 정의하는 구조체, 슬롯 ID와 값 포인터를 포함합니
   다.

   int slot

      슬롯 ID.

      슬롯 ID는 구조체 "PyTypeObject", "PyNumberMethods",
      "PySequenceMethods", "PyMappingMethods" 및 "PyAsyncMethods" 의
      필드 이름에 "Py_" 접두사를 붙인 이름을 사용합니다. 예를 들어, :

      * "PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc"을 설정하는 "Py_tp_dealloc"

      * "PyNumberMethods.nb_add"를 설정하는 "Py_nb_add"

      * "PySequenceMethods.sq_length"를 설정하는 "Py_sq_length"

      The following “offset” fields cannot be set using "PyType_Slot":

      * "tp_weaklistoffset" (use "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF" instead
        if possible)

      * "tp_dictoffset" (use "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT" instead if
        possible)

      * "tp_vectorcall_offset" (use ""__vectorcalloffset__"" in
        PyMemberDef)

      If it is not possible to switch to a "MANAGED" flag (for
      example, for vectorcall or to support Python older than 3.12),
      specify the offset in "Py_tp_members". See PyMemberDef
      documentation for details.

      The following fields cannot be set at all when creating a heap
      type:

      * "tp_vectorcall" (use "tp_new" and/or "tp_init")

      * Internal fields: "tp_dict", "tp_mro", "tp_cache",
        "tp_subclasses", and "tp_weaklist".

      Setting "Py_tp_bases" or "Py_tp_base" may be problematic on some
      platforms. To avoid issues, use the *bases* argument of
      "PyType_FromSpecWithBases()" instead.

      버전 3.9에서 변경: Slots in "PyBufferProcs" may be set in the
      unlimited API.

      버전 3.11에서 변경: "bf_getbuffer" and "bf_releasebuffer" are
      now available under the limited API.

   void *pfunc

      슬롯의 원하는 값입니다. 대부분 이것은 함수에 대한 포인터입니다.

      Slots other than "Py_tp_doc" may not be "NULL".
