Wspólne struktury obiektów
**************************

Istnieje duża liczba struktur, które są używane przy definiowaniu
rodzajów obiektów w Pythonie. Ten rozdział opisuje te struktury i jak
są one używane.


Base object types and macros
============================

All Python objects ultimately share a small number of fields at the
beginning of the object's representation in memory.  These are
represented by the "PyObject" and "PyVarObject" types, which are
defined, in turn, by the expansions of some macros also used, whether
directly or indirectly, in the definition of all other Python objects.
Additional macros can be found under reference counting.

type PyObject
    * Część ograniczonego API. (tylko niektóre składniki są częścią
   stabilnego ABI)*

   All object types are extensions of this type.  This is a type which
   contains the information Python needs to treat a pointer to an
   object as an object.  In a normal "release" build, it contains only
   the object's reference count and a pointer to the corresponding
   type object. Nothing is actually declared to be a "PyObject", but
   every pointer to a Python object can be cast to a PyObject*.

   The members must not be accessed directly; instead use macros such
   as "Py_REFCNT" and "Py_TYPE".

   Py_ssize_t ob_refcnt
       * Część stabilnego ABI.*

      The object's reference count, as returned by "Py_REFCNT". Do not
      use this field directly; instead use functions and macros such
      as "Py_REFCNT", "Py_INCREF()" and "Py_DecRef()".

      The field type may be different from "Py_ssize_t", depending on
      build configuration and platform.

   PyTypeObject *ob_type
       * Część stabilnego ABI.*

      The object's type. Do not use this field directly; use "Py_TYPE"
      and "Py_SET_TYPE()" instead.

type PyVarObject
    * Część ograniczonego API. (tylko niektóre składniki są częścią
   stabilnego ABI)*

   An extension of "PyObject" that adds the "ob_size" field. This is
   intended for objects that have some notion of *length*.

   As with "PyObject", the members must not be accessed directly;
   instead use macros such as "Py_SIZE", "Py_REFCNT" and "Py_TYPE".

   Py_ssize_t ob_size
       * Część stabilnego ABI.*

      A size field, whose contents should be considered an object's
      internal implementation detail.

      Do not use this field directly; use "Py_SIZE" instead.

      Object creation functions such as "PyObject_NewVar()" will
      generally set this field to the requested size (number of
      items). After creation, arbitrary values can be stored in
      "ob_size" using "Py_SET_SIZE".

      To get an object's publicly exposed length, as returned by the
      Python function "len()", use "PyObject_Length()" instead.

PyObject_HEAD

   This is a macro used when declaring new types which represent
   objects without a varying length.  The PyObject_HEAD macro expands
   to:

      PyObject ob_base;

   See documentation of "PyObject" above.

PyObject_VAR_HEAD

   This is a macro used when declaring new types which represent
   objects with a length that varies from instance to instance. The
   PyObject_VAR_HEAD macro expands to:

      PyVarObject ob_base;

   See documentation of "PyVarObject" above.

PyTypeObject PyBaseObject_Type
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   The base class of all other objects, the same as "object" in
   Python.

int Py_Is(PyObject *x, PyObject *y)
    * Część stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.10.*

   Test if the *x* object is the *y* object, the same as "x is y" in
   Python.

    Dodane w wersji 3.10.

int Py_IsNone(PyObject *x)
    * Część stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.10.*

   Test if an object is the "None" singleton, the same as "x is None"
   in Python.

    Dodane w wersji 3.10.

int Py_IsTrue(PyObject *x)
    * Część stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.10.*

   Test if an object is the "True" singleton, the same as "x is True"
   in Python.

    Dodane w wersji 3.10.

int Py_IsFalse(PyObject *x)
    * Część stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.10.*

   Test if an object is the "False" singleton, the same as "x is
   False" in Python.

    Dodane w wersji 3.10.

PyTypeObject *Py_TYPE(PyObject *o)
    *Wartość zwracana: pożyczona referencja.** Część stabilnego ABI od
   wersji 3.14.*

   Get the type of the Python object *o*.

   The returned reference is *borrowed* from *o*. Do not release it
   with "Py_DECREF()" or similar.

   Zmienione w wersji 3.11: "Py_TYPE()" is changed to an inline static
   function. The parameter type is no longer const PyObject*.

int Py_IS_TYPE(PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *type)

   Return non-zero if the object *o* type is *type*. Return zero
   otherwise. Equivalent to: "Py_TYPE(o) == type".

    Dodane w wersji 3.9.

void Py_SET_TYPE(PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *type)

   Set the type of object *o* to *type*, without any checking or
   reference counting.

   This is a very low-level operation. Consider instead setting the
   Python attribute "__class__" using "PyObject_SetAttrString()" or
   similar.

   Note that assigning an incompatible type can lead to undefined
   behavior.

   If *type* is a heap type, the caller must create a new reference to
   it. Similarly, if the old type of *o* is a heap type, the caller
   must release a reference to that type.

    Dodane w wersji 3.9.

Py_ssize_t Py_SIZE(PyVarObject *o)

   Get the "ob_size" field of *o*.

   Zmienione w wersji 3.11: "Py_SIZE()" is changed to an inline static
   function. The parameter type is no longer const PyVarObject*.

void Py_SET_SIZE(PyVarObject *o, Py_ssize_t size)

   Set the "ob_size" field of *o* to *size*.

    Dodane w wersji 3.9.

PyObject_HEAD_INIT(type)

   This is a macro which expands to initialization values for a new
   "PyObject" type.  This macro expands to:

      _PyObject_EXTRA_INIT
      1, type,

PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(type, size)

   This is a macro which expands to initialization values for a new
   "PyVarObject" type, including the "ob_size" field. This macro
   expands to:

      _PyObject_EXTRA_INIT
      1, type, size,


Implementing functions and methods
==================================

type PyCFunction
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   Type of the functions used to implement most Python callables in C.
   Functions of this type take two PyObject* parameters and return one
   such value.  If the return value is "NULL", an exception shall have
   been set.  If not "NULL", the return value is interpreted as the
   return value of the function as exposed in Python.  The function
   must return a new reference.

   The function signature is:

      PyObject *PyCFunction(PyObject *self,
                            PyObject *args);

type PyCFunctionWithKeywords
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   Type of the functions used to implement Python callables in C with
   signature METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS. The function signature is:

      PyObject *PyCFunctionWithKeywords(PyObject *self,
                                        PyObject *args,
                                        PyObject *kwargs);

type PyCFunctionFast
    * Część stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.13.*

   Type of the functions used to implement Python callables in C with
   signature "METH_FASTCALL". The function signature is:

      PyObject *PyCFunctionFast(PyObject *self,
                                PyObject *const *args,
                                Py_ssize_t nargs);

type PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords
    * Część stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.13.*

   Type of the functions used to implement Python callables in C with
   signature METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS. The function signature is:

      PyObject *PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords(PyObject *self,
                                            PyObject *const *args,
                                            Py_ssize_t nargs,
                                            PyObject *kwnames);

type PyCMethod

   Type of the functions used to implement Python callables in C with
   signature METH_METHOD | METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS. The function
   signature is:

      PyObject *PyCMethod(PyObject *self,
                          PyTypeObject *defining_class,
                          PyObject *const *args,
                          Py_ssize_t nargs,
                          PyObject *kwnames)

    Dodane w wersji 3.9.

type PyMethodDef
    * Część stabilnego ABI (w tym wszystkie składniki).*

   Structure used to describe a method of an extension type.  This
   structure has four fields:

   const char *ml_name

      Name of the method.

   PyCFunction ml_meth

      Pointer to the C implementation.

   int ml_flags

      Flags bits indicating how the call should be constructed.

   const char *ml_doc

      Points to the contents of the docstring.

The "ml_meth" is a C function pointer. The functions may be of
different types, but they always return PyObject*.  If the function is
not of the "PyCFunction", the compiler will require a cast in the
method table. Even though "PyCFunction" defines the first parameter as
PyObject*, it is common that the method implementation uses the
specific C type of the *self* object.

The "ml_flags" field is a bitfield which can include the following
flags. The individual flags indicate either a calling convention or a
binding convention.

There are these calling conventions:

METH_VARARGS
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   This is the typical calling convention, where the methods have the
   type "PyCFunction". The function expects two PyObject* values. The
   first one is the *self* object for methods; for module functions,
   it is the module object.  The second parameter (often called
   *args*) is a tuple object representing all arguments. This
   parameter is typically processed using "PyArg_ParseTuple()" or
   "PyArg_UnpackTuple()".

METH_KEYWORDS

   Can only be used in certain combinations with other flags:
   METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS and
   METH_METHOD | METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS.

METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS
   Methods with these flags must be of type "PyCFunctionWithKeywords".
   The function expects three parameters: *self*, *args*, *kwargs*
   where *kwargs* is a dictionary of all the keyword arguments or
   possibly "NULL" if there are no keyword arguments.  The parameters
   are typically processed using "PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()".

METH_FASTCALL
    * Część stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.10.*

   Fast calling convention supporting only positional arguments. The
   methods have the type "PyCFunctionFast". The first parameter is
   *self*, the second parameter is a C array of PyObject* values
   indicating the arguments and the third parameter is the number of
   arguments (the length of the array).

    Dodane w wersji 3.7.

   Zmienione w wersji 3.10: "METH_FASTCALL" is now part of the stable
   ABI.

METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS
   Extension of "METH_FASTCALL" supporting also keyword arguments,
   with methods of type "PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords". Keyword
   arguments are passed the same way as in the vectorcall protocol:
   there is an additional fourth PyObject* parameter which is a tuple
   representing the names of the keyword arguments (which are
   guaranteed to be strings) or possibly "NULL" if there are no
   keywords.  The values of the keyword arguments are stored in the
   *args* array, after the positional arguments.

    Dodane w wersji 3.7.

METH_METHOD
    * Część stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.7.*

   Can only be used in the combination with other flags: METH_METHOD |
   METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS.

METH_METHOD | METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS
   Extension of METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS supporting the *defining
   class*, that is, the class that contains the method in question.
   The defining class might be a superclass of "Py_TYPE(self)".

   The method needs to be of type "PyCMethod", the same as for
   "METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS" with "defining_class" argument
   added after "self".

    Dodane w wersji 3.9.

METH_NOARGS
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   Methods without parameters don't need to check whether arguments
   are given if they are listed with the "METH_NOARGS" flag.  They
   need to be of type "PyCFunction".  The first parameter is typically
   named *self* and will hold a reference to the module or object
   instance.  In all cases the second parameter will be "NULL".

   The function must have 2 parameters. Since the second parameter is
   unused, "Py_UNUSED" can be used to prevent a compiler warning.

METH_O
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   Methods with a single object argument can be listed with the
   "METH_O" flag, instead of invoking "PyArg_ParseTuple()" with a
   ""O"" argument. They have the type "PyCFunction", with the *self*
   parameter, and a PyObject* parameter representing the single
   argument.

These two constants are not used to indicate the calling convention
but the binding when used with methods of classes.  These may not be
used for functions defined for modules.  At most one of these flags
may be set for any given method.

METH_CLASS
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   Metodzie zostanie przekazany typ obiektu jako pierwszy parametr
   zamiast instancji tego typu. Jest to używane aby tworzyć *metody
   klasowe*, podobnie do tego, co jest tworzone przy użyciu wbudowanej
   funkcji "classmethod()".

METH_STATIC
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   The method will be passed "NULL" as the first parameter rather than
   an instance of the type.  This is used to create *static methods*,
   similar to what is created when using the "staticmethod()" built-in
   function.

Jedna pozostała stała kontroluje czy metoda jest ładowana w miejscu
innej definicji o tej samej nazwie metody.

METH_COEXIST
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   The method will be loaded in place of existing definitions.
   Without *METH_COEXIST*, the default is to skip repeated
   definitions.  Since slot wrappers are loaded before the method
   table, the existence of a *sq_contains* slot, for example, would
   generate a wrapped method named "__contains__()" and preclude the
   loading of a corresponding PyCFunction with the same name.  With
   the flag defined, the PyCFunction will be loaded in place of the
   wrapper object and will co-exist with the slot.  This is helpful
   because calls to PyCFunctions are optimized more than wrapper
   object calls.

PyTypeObject PyCMethod_Type

   The type object corresponding to Python C method objects. This is
   available as "types.BuiltinMethodType" in the Python layer.

int PyCMethod_Check(PyObject *op)

   Return true if *op* is an instance of the "PyCMethod_Type" type or
   a subtype of it. This function always succeeds.

int PyCMethod_CheckExact(PyObject *op)

   This is the same as "PyCMethod_Check()", but does not account for
   subtypes.

PyObject *PyCMethod_New(PyMethodDef *ml, PyObject *self, PyObject *module, PyTypeObject *cls)
    *Wartość zwracana: nowa referencja.** Część stabilnego ABI od
   wersji 3.9.*

   Turn *ml* into a Python *callable* object. The caller must ensure
   that *ml* outlives the *callable*. Typically, *ml* is defined as a
   static variable.

   The *self* parameter will be passed as the *self* argument to the C
   function in "ml->ml_meth" when invoked. *self* can be "NULL".

   The *callable* object's "__module__" attribute can be set from the
   given *module* argument. *module* should be a Python string, which
   will be used as name of the module the function is defined in. If
   unavailable, it can be set to "None" or "NULL".

   Zobacz także: "function.__module__"

   The *cls* parameter will be passed as the *defining_class* argument
   to the C function. Must be set if "METH_METHOD" is set on
   "ml->ml_flags".

    Dodane w wersji 3.9.

PyTypeObject PyCFunction_Type
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   The type object corresponding to Python C function objects. This is
   available as "types.BuiltinFunctionType" in the Python layer.

int PyCFunction_Check(PyObject *op)

   Return true if *op* is an instance of the "PyCFunction_Type" type
   or a subtype of it. This function always succeeds.

int PyCFunction_CheckExact(PyObject *op)

   This is the same as "PyCFunction_Check()", but does not account for
   subtypes.

PyObject *PyCFunction_NewEx(PyMethodDef *ml, PyObject *self, PyObject *module)
    *Wartość zwracana: nowa referencja.** Część stabilnego ABI.*

   Equivalent to "PyCMethod_New(ml, self, module, NULL)".

PyObject *PyCFunction_New(PyMethodDef *ml, PyObject *self)
    *Wartość zwracana: nowa referencja.** Część stabilnego ABI od
   wersji 3.4.*

   Equivalent to "PyCMethod_New(ml, self, NULL, NULL)".

int PyCFunction_GetFlags(PyObject *func)
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   Get the function's flags on *func* as they were passed to
   "ml_flags".

   If *func* is not a C function object, this fails with an exception.
   *func* must not be "NULL".

   This function returns the function's flags on success, and "-1"
   with an exception set on failure.

int PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(PyObject *func)

   This is the same as "PyCFunction_GetFlags()", but without error or
   type checking.

PyCFunction PyCFunction_GetFunction(PyObject *func)
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   Get the function pointer on *func* as it was passed to "ml_meth".

   If *func* is not a C function object, this fails with an exception.
   *func* must not be "NULL".

   This function returns the function pointer on success, and "NULL"
   with an exception set on failure.

int PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(PyObject *func)

   This is the same as "PyCFunction_GetFunction()", but without error
   or type checking.

PyObject *PyCFunction_GetSelf(PyObject *func)
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   Get the "self" object on *func*. This is the object that would be
   passed to the first argument of a "PyCFunction". For C function
   objects created through a "PyMethodDef" on a "PyModuleDef", this is
   the resulting module object.

   If *func* is not a C function object, this fails with an exception.
   *func* must not be "NULL".

   This function returns a *borrowed reference* to the "self" object
   on success, and "NULL" with an exception set on failure.

PyObject *PyCFunction_GET_SELF(PyObject *func)

   This is the same as "PyCFunction_GetSelf()", but without error or
   type checking.


Accessing attributes of extension types
=======================================

type PyMemberDef
    * Część stabilnego ABI (w tym wszystkie składniki).*

   Structure which describes an attribute of a type which corresponds
   to a C struct member. When defining a class, put a NULL-terminated
   array of these structures in the "tp_members" slot.

   Its fields are, in order:

   const char *name

      Name of the member. A NULL value marks the end of a
      "PyMemberDef[]" array.

      The string should be static, no copy is made of it.

   int type

      The type of the member in the C struct. See Member types for the
      possible values.

   Py_ssize_t offset

      The offset in bytes that the member is located on the type’s
      object struct.

   int flags

      Zero or more of the Member flags, combined using bitwise OR.

   const char *doc

      The docstring, or NULL. The string should be static, no copy is
      made of it. Typically, it is defined using "PyDoc_STR".

   By default (when "flags" is "0"), members allow both read and write
   access. Use the "Py_READONLY" flag for read-only access. Certain
   types, like "Py_T_STRING", imply "Py_READONLY". Only
   "Py_T_OBJECT_EX" (and legacy "T_OBJECT") members can be deleted.

   For heap-allocated types (created using "PyType_FromSpec()" or
   similar), "PyMemberDef" may contain a definition for the special
   member ""__vectorcalloffset__"", corresponding to
   "tp_vectorcall_offset" in type objects. This member must be defined
   with "Py_T_PYSSIZET", and either "Py_READONLY" or "Py_READONLY |
   Py_RELATIVE_OFFSET". For example:

      static PyMemberDef spam_type_members[] = {
          {"__vectorcalloffset__", Py_T_PYSSIZET,
           offsetof(Spam_object, vectorcall), Py_READONLY},
          {NULL}  /* Sentinel */
      };

   (You may need to "#include <stddef.h>" for "offsetof()".)

   The legacy offsets "tp_dictoffset" and "tp_weaklistoffset" can be
   defined similarly using ""__dictoffset__"" and
   ""__weaklistoffset__"" members, but extensions are strongly
   encouraged to use "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT" and
   "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF" instead.

   Zmienione w wersji 3.12: "PyMemberDef" is always available.
   Previously, it required including ""structmember.h"".

   Zmienione w wersji 3.14: "Py_RELATIVE_OFFSET" is now allowed for
   ""__vectorcalloffset__"", ""__dictoffset__"" and
   ""__weaklistoffset__"".

PyObject *PyMember_GetOne(const char *obj_addr, struct PyMemberDef *m)
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   Get an attribute belonging to the object at address *obj_addr*.
   The attribute is described by "PyMemberDef" *m*.  Returns "NULL" on
   error.

   Zmienione w wersji 3.12: "PyMember_GetOne" is always available.
   Previously, it required including ""structmember.h"".

int PyMember_SetOne(char *obj_addr, struct PyMemberDef *m, PyObject *o)
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   Set an attribute belonging to the object at address *obj_addr* to
   object *o*. The attribute to set is described by "PyMemberDef" *m*.
   Returns "0" if successful and a negative value on failure.

   Zmienione w wersji 3.12: "PyMember_SetOne" is always available.
   Previously, it required including ""structmember.h"".


Member flags
------------

The following flags can be used with "PyMemberDef.flags":

Py_READONLY
    * Część stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.12.*

   Not writable.

Py_AUDIT_READ
    * Część stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.12.*

   Emit an "object.__getattr__" audit event before reading.

Py_RELATIVE_OFFSET
    * Część stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.12.*

   Indicates that the "offset" of this "PyMemberDef" entry indicates
   an offset from the subclass-specific data, rather than from
   "PyObject".

   Can only be used as part of the "Py_tp_members" "slot" when
   creating a class using negative "basicsize". It is mandatory in
   that case. When setting "tp_members" from the slot during class
   creation, Python clears the flag and sets "PyMemberDef.offset" to
   the offset from the "PyObject" struct.

Zmienione w wersji 3.10: The "RESTRICTED", "READ_RESTRICTED" and
"WRITE_RESTRICTED" macros available with "#include "structmember.h""
are deprecated. "READ_RESTRICTED" and "RESTRICTED" are equivalent to
"Py_AUDIT_READ"; "WRITE_RESTRICTED" does nothing.

Zmienione w wersji 3.12: The "READONLY" macro was renamed to
"Py_READONLY". The "PY_AUDIT_READ" macro was renamed with the "Py_"
prefix. The new names are now always available. Previously, these
required "#include "structmember.h"". The header is still available
and it provides the old names.


Member types
------------

"PyMemberDef.type" can be one of the following macros corresponding to
various C types. When the member is accessed in Python, it will be
converted to the equivalent Python type. When it is set from Python,
it will be converted back to the C type. If that is not possible, an
exception such as "TypeError" or "ValueError" is raised.

Unless marked (D), attributes defined this way cannot be deleted using
e.g. "del" or "delattr()".

+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Macro name                       | C type                        | Python type            |
|==================================|===============================|========================|
| Py_T_BYTE  * Część stabilnego    | char                          | "int"                  |
| ABI od wersji 3.12.*             |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_SHORT  * Część stabilnego   | short                         | "int"                  |
| ABI od wersji 3.12.*             |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_INT  * Część stabilnego ABI | int                           | "int"                  |
| od wersji 3.12.*                 |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_LONG  * Część stabilnego    | long                          | "int"                  |
| ABI od wersji 3.12.*             |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_LONGLONG  * Część           | long long                     | "int"                  |
| stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.12.*  |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_UBYTE  * Część stabilnego   | unsigned char                 | "int"                  |
| ABI od wersji 3.12.*             |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_UINT  * Część stabilnego    | unsigned int                  | "int"                  |
| ABI od wersji 3.12.*             |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_USHORT  * Część stabilnego  | unsigned short                | "int"                  |
| ABI od wersji 3.12.*             |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_ULONG  * Część stabilnego   | unsigned long                 | "int"                  |
| ABI od wersji 3.12.*             |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_ULONGLONG  * Część          | unsigned long long            | "int"                  |
| stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.12.*  |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_PYSSIZET  * Część           | Py_ssize_t                    | "int"                  |
| stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.12.*  |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_FLOAT  * Część stabilnego   | float                         | "float"                |
| ABI od wersji 3.12.*             |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_DOUBLE  * Część stabilnego  | double                        | "float"                |
| ABI od wersji 3.12.*             |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_BOOL  * Część stabilnego    | char (written as 0 or 1)      | "bool"                 |
| ABI od wersji 3.12.*             |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_STRING  * Część stabilnego  | const char* (*)               | "str" (RO)             |
| ABI od wersji 3.12.*             |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_STRING_INPLACE  * Część     | const char[] (*)              | "str" (RO)             |
| stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.12.*  |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_CHAR  * Część stabilnego    | char (0-127)                  | "str" (**)             |
| ABI od wersji 3.12.*             |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| Py_T_OBJECT_EX  * Część          | PyObject*                     | "object" (D)           |
| stabilnego ABI od wersji 3.12.*  |                               |                        |
+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------+

   (*): Zero-terminated, UTF8-encoded C string. With "Py_T_STRING" the
   C representation is a pointer; with "Py_T_STRING_INPLACE" the
   string is stored directly in the structure.

   (**): String of length 1. Only ASCII is accepted.

   (RO): Implies "Py_READONLY".

   (D): Can be deleted, in which case the pointer is set to "NULL".
   Reading a "NULL" pointer raises "AttributeError".

 Dodane w wersji 3.12: In previous versions, the macros were only
available with "#include "structmember.h"" and were named without the
"Py_" prefix (e.g. as "T_INT"). The header is still available and
contains the old names, along with the following deprecated types:

T_OBJECT

   Like "Py_T_OBJECT_EX", but "NULL" is converted to "None". This
   results in surprising behavior in Python: deleting the attribute
   effectively sets it to "None".

T_NONE

   Always "None". Must be used with "Py_READONLY".


Defining Getters and Setters
----------------------------

type PyGetSetDef
    * Część stabilnego ABI (w tym wszystkie składniki).*

   Structure to define property-like access for a type. See also
   description of the "PyTypeObject.tp_getset" slot.

   const char *name

      attribute name

   getter get

      C function to get the attribute.

   setter set

      Optional C function to set or delete the attribute. If "NULL",
      the attribute is read-only.

   const char *doc

      optional docstring

   void *closure

      Optional user data pointer, providing additional data for getter
      and setter.

typedef PyObject *(*getter)(PyObject*, void*)
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   The "get" function takes one PyObject* parameter (the instance) and
   a user data pointer (the associated "closure"):

   It should return a new reference on success or "NULL" with a set
   exception on failure.

typedef int (*setter)(PyObject*, PyObject*, void*)
    * Część stabilnego ABI.*

   "set" functions take two PyObject* parameters (the instance and the
   value to be set) and a user data pointer (the associated
   "closure"):

   In case the attribute should be deleted the second parameter is
   "NULL". Should return "0" on success or "-1" with a set exception
   on failure.
