安装Python模块（旧版）
**********************

作者:
   Greg Ward

注解:

  整个 "distutils" 包已被弃用并将在 Python 3.12 中被移除。 此文档仅保
  留作参考，并将随包一起被移除。 更多信息请参阅 有什么新变化 条目。

参见:

  安装 Python 模块
     最新的模块安装文档。对于常规Python使用，你几乎肯定像使用该文档而
     非这个。

注解:

  这篇文档是历史遗留文档，在
  https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/setuptools.html 上的
  "setuptools" 文档独立涵盖此处包含的所有相关信息之后，将不再单独作为
  正式文档保留。

注解:

  本指南仅介绍构建和分发扩展的基本工具，这些扩展是作为此Python版本的一
  部分提供的。 第三方工具提供更易于使用和更安全的替代方案。有关详细信
  息，请参阅 Python 打包用户指南中的 快速推荐部分 。


概述
====

在Python 2.0中，"distutils" API 首次被添加到标准库中。这向Linux发行版
维护者提供了一个将Python项目转换为发行版软件包的标准方法，以及向系统管
理员们提供了直接将这些软件包安装到目标系统的标准方法。

自从很多年前 Python 2.0 发布，将构建系统和包安装器与语言运行时的释放循
环紧密连接在一起产生了很多问题。现在推荐做法是在项目中使用 "pip" 包安
装器和 "setuptools" 构建系统，而不是直接使用 "distutils"。

请参阅 安装 Python 模块 和 分发 Python 模块 了解更多细节。

这个旧文档将被保留，至到我们相信 "setuptools" 覆盖了所有内容。


基于 "distutils" 的源代码分发
-----------------------------

如果你下载了一个模块源代码发布包，你可以很快地确定它是否按标准方式，即
使用 Distutils 进行打包和分发。 首先，发布包的名称和版本号将在已下载归
档文件的名称中明确显示，例如 "foo-1.0.tar.gz" 或 "widget-0.9.7.zip"。
然后，归档文件将被解包为类似名称的目录: "foo-1.0" 或 "widget-0.9.7"。
此外，发布包将包含一个安装脚本 "setup.py"，以及一个名为 "README.txt"
或是 "README" 的文件，它应当写明构建和安装模块发布包的方式是简单地在终
端中运行一条命令:

   python setup.py install

Windows 用户应该使用命令提示符来运行命令(Start ‣ Accessories):

   setup.py install

如果这些事情都属实，那么您已经了解了如何构建和安装您已经下载的模块：只
需运行如上的命令。除非您需要以非常规方式安装或者定制构建过程，您其实不
需要本文档。更进一步说，以上命令就是您可以从文档中获得的全部。


标准构建及安装
==============

正如 基于 distutils 的源代码分发 中所描述的那样，通过 Distutils 构建和
安装发行的模块常常只需要在终端执行一个简单的命令。

   python setup.py install


平台差异
--------

您应当总是在分发文件的根目录处运行设置的命令，比如，模块分发的源代码最
高的子目录。例如，如果您刚刚在 Unix 操作系统上下载了一个模块分发的源代
码，您需要做的事：

   gunzip -c foo-1.0.tar.gz | tar xf -    # unpacks into directory foo-1.0
   cd foo-1.0
   python setup.py install

在 Windows 上，你下载到的可能是 "foo-1.0.zip"。 如果你将归档文件下载到
"C:\Temp"，则它将被解包至 "C:\Temp\foo-1.0"；你可以使用带有图形用户界
面的归档管理器（如 WinZip）或命令行工具（如 **unzip** 或 **pkunzip**
等）来解包归档文件。 然后，打开一个命令行提示符窗口并运行:

   cd c:\Temp\foo-1.0
   python setup.py install


拆分任务
--------

Running "setup.py install" builds and installs all modules in one run.
If you prefer to work incrementally---especially useful if you want to
customize the build process, or if things are going wrong---you can
use the setup script to do one thing at a time.  This is particularly
helpful when the build and install will be done by different users---
for example, you might want to build a module distribution and hand it
off to a system administrator for installation (or do it yourself,
with super-user privileges).

For example, you can build everything in one step, and then install
everything in a second step, by invoking the setup script twice:

   python setup.py build
   python setup.py install

If you do this, you will notice that running the **install** command
first runs the **build** command, which---in this case---quickly
notices that it has nothing to do, since everything in the "build"
directory is up-to-date.

You may not need this ability to break things down often if all you do
is install modules downloaded off the 'net, but it's very handy for
more advanced tasks.  If you get into distributing your own Python
modules and extensions, you'll run lots of individual Distutils
commands on their own.


How building works
------------------

As implied above, the **build** command is responsible for putting the
files to install into a *build directory*.  By default, this is
"build" under the distribution root; if you're excessively concerned
with speed, or want to keep the source tree pristine, you can change
the build directory with the "--build-base" option. For example:

   python setup.py build --build-base=/path/to/pybuild/foo-1.0

(Or you could do this permanently with a directive in your system or
personal Distutils configuration file; see section Distutils 配置文件
Configuration Files.)  Normally, this isn't necessary.

The default layout for the build tree is as follows:

   --- build/ --- lib/
   or
   --- build/ --- lib.<plat>/
                  temp.<plat>/

where "<plat>" expands to a brief description of the current
OS/hardware platform and Python version.  The first form, with just a
"lib" directory, is used for "pure module distributions"---that is,
module distributions that include only pure Python modules.  If a
module distribution contains any extensions (modules written in
C/C++), then the second form, with two "<plat>" directories, is used.
In that case, the "temp.*plat*" directory holds temporary files
generated by the compile/link process that don't actually get
installed.  In either case, the "lib" (or "lib.*plat*") directory
contains all Python modules (pure Python and extensions) that will be
installed.

In the future, more directories will be added to handle Python
scripts, documentation, binary executables, and whatever else is
needed to handle the job of installing Python modules and
applications.


How installation works
----------------------

After the **build** command runs (whether you run it explicitly, or
the **install** command does it for you), the work of the **install**
command is relatively simple: all it has to do is copy everything
under "build/lib" (or "build/lib.*plat*") to your chosen installation
directory.

If you don't choose an installation directory---i.e., if you just run
"setup.py install"---then the **install** command installs to the
standard location for third-party Python modules.  This location
varies by platform and by how you built/installed Python itself.  On
Unix (and macOS, which is also Unix-based), it also depends on whether
the module distribution being installed is pure Python or contains
extensions ("non-pure"):

+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+---------+
| 平台              | 标准安装位置                                          | 默认值                                             | 备注    |
|===================|=======================================================|====================================================|=========|
| （单一）Unix      | "*prefix*/lib/python*X.Y*/site-packages"              | "/usr/local/lib/python*X.Y*/site-packages"         | (1)     |
+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+---------+
| （类）Unix        | "*exec-prefix*/lib/python*X.Y*/site-packages"         | "/usr/local/lib/python*X.Y*/site-packages"         | (1)     |
+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+---------+
| Windows           | "*prefix*\Lib\site-packages"                          | "C:\Python*XY*\Lib\site-packages"                  | (2)     |
+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+---------+

注释：

1. Most Linux distributions include Python as a standard part of the
   system, so "*prefix*" and "*exec-prefix*" are usually both "/usr"
   on Linux.  If you build Python yourself on Linux (or any Unix-like
   system), the default "*prefix*" and "*exec-prefix*" are
   "/usr/local".

2. The default installation directory on Windows was "C:\Program
   Files\Python" under Python 1.6a1, 1.5.2, and earlier.

"*prefix*" and "*exec-prefix*" stand for the directories that Python
is installed to, and where it finds its libraries at run-time.  They
are always the same under Windows, and very often the same under Unix
and macOS.  You can find out what your Python installation uses for
"*prefix*" and "*exec-prefix*" by running Python in interactive mode
and typing a few simple commands. Under Unix, just type "python" at
the shell prompt.  Under Windows, choose Start ‣ Programs ‣ Python X.Y
‣ Python (command line).   Once the interpreter is started, you type
Python code at the prompt.  For example, on my Linux system, I type
the three Python statements shown below, and get the output as shown,
to find out my "*prefix*" and "*exec-prefix*":

   Python 2.4 (#26, Aug  7 2004, 17:19:02)
   Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
   >>> import sys
   >>> sys.prefix
   '/usr'
   >>> sys.exec_prefix
   '/usr'

A few other placeholders are used in this document: "*X.Y*" stands for
the version of Python, for example "3.2"; "*abiflags*" will be
replaced by the value of "sys.abiflags" or the empty string for
platforms which don't define ABI flags; "*distname*" will be replaced
by the name of the module distribution being installed.  Dots and
capitalization are important in the paths; for example, a value that
uses "python3.2" on UNIX will typically use "Python32" on Windows.

If you don't want to install modules to the standard location, or if
you don't have permission to write there, then you need to read about
alternate installations in section 可选安装形式.  If you want to
customize your installation directories more heavily, see section 自定
义安装 on custom installations.


可选安装形式
============

Often, it is necessary or desirable to install modules to a location
other than the standard location for third-party Python modules.  For
example, on a Unix system you might not have permission to write to
the standard third-party module directory.  Or you might wish to try
out a module before making it a standard part of your local Python
installation.  This is especially true when upgrading a distribution
already present: you want to make sure your existing base of scripts
still works with the new version before actually upgrading.

The Distutils **install** command is designed to make installing
module distributions to an alternate location simple and painless.
The basic idea is that you supply a base directory for the
installation, and the **install** command picks a set of directories
(called an *installation scheme*) under this base directory in which
to install files.  The details differ across platforms, so read
whichever of the following sections applies to you.

Note that the various alternate installation schemes are mutually
exclusive: you can pass "--user", or "--home", or "--prefix" and "--
exec-prefix", or "--install-base" and "--install-platbase", but you
can't mix from these groups.


可选安装形式：用户方案
----------------------

此方案被设计为针对没有全局 site-packages 目录写入权限或不想安装到该目
录的用户的最便捷解决方案。 它可以通过一个简单的选项来启用:

   python setup.py install --user

Files will be installed into subdirectories of "site.USER_BASE"
(written as "*userbase*" hereafter).  This scheme installs pure Python
modules and extension modules in the same location (also known as
"site.USER_SITE"). Here are the values for UNIX, including macOS:

+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| 文件类型        | 安装目录                                                    |
|=================|=============================================================|
| 模块            | "*userbase*/lib/python*X.Y*/site-packages"                  |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| 脚本            | "*userbase*/bin"                                            |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| 数据            | "*userbase*"                                                |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| C 头文件        | "*userbase*/include/python*X.Y**abiflags*/*distname*"       |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+

以下是Windows上使用的值：

+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| 文件类型        | 安装目录                                                    |
|=================|=============================================================|
| 模块            | "*userbase*\Python*XY*\site-packages"                       |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| 脚本            | "*userbase*\Python*XY*\Scripts"                             |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| 数据            | "*userbase*"                                                |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| C 头文件        | "*userbase*\Python*XY*\Include{distname}"                   |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+

The advantage of using this scheme compared to the other ones
described below is that the user site-packages directory is under
normal conditions always included in "sys.path" (see "site" for more
information), which means that there is no additional step to perform
after running the "setup.py" script to finalize the installation.

The **build_ext** command also has a "--user" option to add
"*userbase*/include" to the compiler search path for header files and
"*userbase*/lib" to the compiler search path for libraries as well as
to the runtime search path for shared C libraries (rpath).


可选安装形式：家目录方案
------------------------

“主方案”背后的理念是你可以构建并维护个人的 Python 模块集。 该方案的名
称源自 Unix 上“主目录”的概念，因为通常 Unix 用户会将其主目录的布局设置
为与 "/usr/" 或 "/usr/local/" 相似。 任何人都可以使用该方案，无论其安
装的操作系统是什么。

Installing a new module distribution is as simple as

   python setup.py install --home=<dir>

where you can supply any directory you like for the "--home" option.
On Unix, lazy typists can just type a tilde ("~"); the **install**
command will expand this to your home directory:

   python setup.py install --home=~

To make Python find the distributions installed with this scheme, you
may have to modify Python's search path or edit "sitecustomize" (see
"site") to call "site.addsitedir()" or edit "sys.path".

The "--home" option defines the installation base directory.  Files
are installed to the following directories under the installation base
as follows:

+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| 文件类型        | 安装目录                                                    |
|=================|=============================================================|
| 模块            | "*home*/lib/python"                                         |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| 脚本            | "*home*/bin"                                                |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| 数据            | "*home*"                                                    |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| C 头文件        | "*home*/include/python/*distname*"                          |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+

（如果你是使用 Windows 请将斜杠替换为反斜杠。）


可选安装形式：Unix（前缀方案）
------------------------------

“前缀方案”适用于当你希望使用一个 Python 安装程序来执行构建/安装（即运
行 setup 脚本），但需要将模块安装到另一个 Python 安装版（或看起来类似
于另一个 Python 安装版）的第三方模块目录中的情况。 如果这听起来有点不
寻常，确实如此 --- 这就是为什么要先介绍用户和主目录方案的原因。 然而，
至少有两种已知的情况会用到前缀方案。

First, consider that many Linux distributions put Python in "/usr",
rather than the more traditional "/usr/local".  This is entirely
appropriate, since in those cases Python is part of "the system"
rather than a local add-on. However, if you are installing Python
modules from source, you probably want them to go in
"/usr/local/lib/python2.*X*" rather than "/usr/lib/python2.*X*".  This
can be done with

   /usr/bin/python setup.py install --prefix=/usr/local

Another possibility is a network filesystem where the name used to
write to a remote directory is different from the name used to read
it: for example, the Python interpreter accessed as
"/usr/local/bin/python" might search for modules in
"/usr/local/lib/python2.*X*", but those modules would have to be
installed to, say, "/mnt/*@server*/export/lib/python2.*X*".  This
could be done with

   /usr/local/bin/python setup.py install --prefix=/mnt/@server/export

In either case, the "--prefix" option defines the installation base,
and the "--exec-prefix" option defines the platform-specific
installation base, which is used for platform-specific files.
(Currently, this just means non-pure module distributions, but could
be expanded to C libraries, binary executables, etc.)  If "--exec-
prefix" is not supplied, it defaults to "--prefix".  Files are
installed as follows:

+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 文件类型          | 安装目录                                                   |
|===================|============================================================|
| Python 模块       | "*prefix*/lib/python*X.Y*/site-packages"                   |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 扩展模块          | "*exec-prefix*/lib/python*X.Y*/site-packages"              |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 脚本              | "*prefix*/bin"                                             |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 数据              | "*prefix*"                                                 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| C 头文件          | "*prefix*/include/python*X.Y**abiflags*/*distname*"        |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+

There is no requirement that "--prefix" or "--exec-prefix" actually
point to an alternate Python installation; if the directories listed
above do not already exist, they are created at installation time.

Incidentally, the real reason the prefix scheme is important is simply
that a standard Unix installation uses the prefix scheme, but with "--
prefix" and "--exec-prefix" supplied by Python itself as "sys.prefix"
and "sys.exec_prefix".  Thus, you might think you'll never use the
prefix scheme, but every time you run "python setup.py install"
without any other options, you're using it.

Note that installing extensions to an alternate Python installation
has no effect on how those extensions are built: in particular, the
Python header files ("Python.h" and friends) installed with the Python
interpreter used to run the setup script will be used in compiling
extensions.  It is your responsibility to ensure that the interpreter
used to run extensions installed in this way is compatible with the
interpreter used to build them.  The best way to do this is to ensure
that the two interpreters are the same version of Python (possibly
different builds, or possibly copies of the same build).  (Of course,
if your "--prefix" and "--exec-prefix" don't even point to an
alternate Python installation, this is immaterial.)


Alternate installation: Windows (the prefix scheme)
---------------------------------------------------

Windows has no concept of a user's home directory, and since the
standard Python installation under Windows is simpler than under Unix,
the "--prefix" option has traditionally been used to install
additional packages in separate locations on Windows.

   python setup.py install --prefix="\Temp\Python"

to install modules to the "\Temp\Python" directory on the current
drive.

The installation base is defined by the "--prefix" option; the "--
exec-prefix" option is not supported under Windows, which means that
pure Python modules and extension modules are installed into the same
location. Files are installed as follows:

+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 文件类型        | 安装目录                                                   |
|=================|============================================================|
| 模块            | "*prefix*\Lib\site-packages"                               |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 脚本            | "*prefix*\Scripts"                                         |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 数据            | "*prefix*"                                                 |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| C 头文件        | "*prefix*\Include{distname}"                               |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------------+


自定义安装
==========

Sometimes, the alternate installation schemes described in section 可
选安装形式 just don't do what you want.  You might want to tweak just
one or two directories while keeping everything under the same base
directory, or you might want to completely redefine the installation
scheme.  In either case, you're creating a *custom installation
scheme*.

To create a custom installation scheme, you start with one of the
alternate schemes and override some of the installation directories
used for the various types of files, using these options:

+------------------------+-------------------------+
| 文件类型               | 覆盖选项                |
|========================|=========================|
| Python 模块            | "--install-purelib"     |
+------------------------+-------------------------+
| 扩展模块               | "--install-platlib"     |
+------------------------+-------------------------+
| 所有模块               | "--install-lib"         |
+------------------------+-------------------------+
| 脚本                   | "--install-scripts"     |
+------------------------+-------------------------+
| 数据                   | "--install-data"        |
+------------------------+-------------------------+
| C 头文件               | "--install-headers"     |
+------------------------+-------------------------+

These override options can be relative, absolute, or explicitly
defined in terms of one of the installation base directories. (There
are two installation base directories, and they are normally the same
---they only differ when you use the Unix "prefix scheme" and supply
different "--prefix" and "--exec-prefix" options; using "--install-
lib" will override values computed or given for "--install-purelib"
and "--install-platlib", and is recommended for schemes that don't
make a difference between Python and extension modules.)

For example, say you're installing a module distribution to your home
directory under Unix---but you want scripts to go in "~/scripts"
rather than "~/bin". As you might expect, you can override this
directory with the "--install-scripts" option; in this case, it makes
most sense to supply a relative path, which will be interpreted
relative to the installation base directory (your home directory, in
this case):

   python setup.py install --home=~ --install-scripts=scripts

Another Unix example: suppose your Python installation was built and
installed with a prefix of "/usr/local/python", so under a standard
installation scripts will wind up in "/usr/local/python/bin".  If you
want them in "/usr/local/bin" instead, you would supply this absolute
directory for the "--install-scripts" option:

   python setup.py install --install-scripts=/usr/local/bin

(This performs an installation using the "prefix scheme", where the
prefix is whatever your Python interpreter was installed with---
"/usr/local/python" in this case.)

If you maintain Python on Windows, you might want third-party modules
to live in a subdirectory of "*prefix*", rather than right in
"*prefix*" itself.  This is almost as easy as customizing the script
installation directory---you just have to remember that there are two
types of modules to worry about, Python and extension modules, which
can conveniently be both controlled by one option:

   python setup.py install --install-lib=Site

The specified installation directory is relative to "*prefix*".  Of
course, you also have to ensure that this directory is in Python's
module search path, such as by putting a ".pth" file in a site
directory (see "site").  See section 修改 Python 的搜索路径 to find
out how to modify Python's search path.

If you want to define an entire installation scheme, you just have to
supply all of the installation directory options.  The recommended way
to do this is to supply relative paths; for example, if you want to
maintain all Python module-related files under "python" in your home
directory, and you want a separate directory for each platform that
you use your home directory from, you might define the following
installation scheme:

   python setup.py install --home=~ \
                           --install-purelib=python/lib \
                           --install-platlib=python/lib.$PLAT \
                           --install-scripts=python/scripts
                           --install-data=python/data

或者，等价于

   python setup.py install --home=~/python \
                           --install-purelib=lib \
                           --install-platlib='lib.$PLAT' \
                           --install-scripts=scripts
                           --install-data=data

"$PLAT" is not (necessarily) an environment variable---it will be
expanded by the Distutils as it parses your command line options, just
as it does when parsing your configuration file(s).

Obviously, specifying the entire installation scheme every time you
install a new module distribution would be very tedious.  Thus, you
can put these options into your Distutils config file (see section
Distutils 配置文件Configuration Files):

   [install]
   install-base=$HOME
   install-purelib=python/lib
   install-platlib=python/lib.$PLAT
   install-scripts=python/scripts
   install-data=python/data

或者，等价于，

   [install]
   install-base=$HOME/python
   install-purelib=lib
   install-platlib=lib.$PLAT
   install-scripts=scripts
   install-data=data

Note that these two are *not* equivalent if you supply a different
installation base directory when you run the setup script.  For
example,

   python setup.py install --install-base=/tmp

would install pure modules to "/tmp/python/lib" in the first case, and
to "/tmp/lib" in the second case.  (For the second case, you probably
want to supply an installation base of "/tmp/python".)

You probably noticed the use of "$HOME" and "$PLAT" in the sample
configuration file input.  These are Distutils configuration
variables, which bear a strong resemblance to environment variables.
In fact, you can use environment variables in config files on
platforms that have such a notion but the Distutils additionally
define a few extra variables that may not be in your environment, such
as "$PLAT".  (And of course, on systems that don't have environment
variables, such as Mac OS 9, the configuration variables supplied by
the Distutils are the only ones you can use.) See section Distutils 配
置文件Configuration Files for details.

注解:

  When a virtual environment is activated, any options that change the
  installation path will be ignored from all distutils configuration
  files to prevent inadvertently installing projects outside of the
  virtual environment.


修改 Python 的搜索路径
----------------------

When the Python interpreter executes an "import" statement, it
searches for both Python code and extension modules along a search
path.  A default value for the path is configured into the Python
binary when the interpreter is built. You can determine the path by
importing the "sys" module and printing the value of "sys.path".

   $ python
   Python 2.2 (#11, Oct  3 2002, 13:31:27)
   [GCC 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.3 2.96-112)] on linux2
   Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
   >>> import sys
   >>> sys.path
   ['', '/usr/local/lib/python2.3', '/usr/local/lib/python2.3/plat-linux2',
    '/usr/local/lib/python2.3/lib-tk', '/usr/local/lib/python2.3/lib-dynload',
    '/usr/local/lib/python2.3/site-packages']
   >>>

The null string in "sys.path" represents the current working
directory.

The expected convention for locally installed packages is to put them
in the "*...*/site-packages/" directory, but you may want to install
Python modules into some arbitrary directory.  For example, your site
may have a convention of keeping all software related to the web
server under "/www". Add-on Python modules might then belong in
"/www/python", and in order to import them, this directory must be
added to "sys.path".  There are several different ways to add the
directory.

The most convenient way is to add a path configuration file to a
directory that's already on Python's path, usually to the ".../site-
packages/" directory.  Path configuration files have an extension of
".pth", and each line must contain a single path that will be appended
to "sys.path".  (Because the new paths are appended to "sys.path",
modules in the added directories will not override standard modules.
This means you can't use this mechanism for installing fixed versions
of standard modules.)

Paths can be absolute or relative, in which case they're relative to
the directory containing the ".pth" file.  See the documentation of
the "site" module for more information.

A slightly less convenient way is to edit the "site.py" file in
Python's standard library, and modify "sys.path".  "site.py" is
automatically imported when the Python interpreter is executed, unless
the "-S" switch is supplied to suppress this behaviour.  So you could
simply edit "site.py" and add two lines to it:

   import sys
   sys.path.append('/www/python/')

However, if you reinstall the same major version of Python (perhaps
when upgrading from 2.2 to 2.2.2, for example) "site.py" will be
overwritten by the stock version.  You'd have to remember that it was
modified and save a copy before doing the installation.

There are two environment variables that can modify "sys.path".
"PYTHONHOME" sets an alternate value for the prefix of the Python
installation.  For example, if "PYTHONHOME" is set to "/www/python",
the search path will be set to "['', '/www/python/lib/pythonX.Y/',
'/www/python/lib/pythonX.Y/plat-linux2', ...]".

The "PYTHONPATH" variable can be set to a list of paths that will be
added to the beginning of "sys.path".  For example, if "PYTHONPATH" is
set to "/www/python:/opt/py", the search path will begin with
"['/www/python', '/opt/py']".  (Note that directories must exist in
order to be added to "sys.path"; the "site" module removes paths that
don't exist.)

Finally, "sys.path" is just a regular Python list, so any Python
application can modify it by adding or removing entries.


Distutils 配置文件Configuration Files
=====================================

As mentioned above, you can use Distutils configuration files to
record personal or site preferences for any Distutils options.  That
is, any option to any command can be stored in one of two or three
(depending on your platform) configuration files, which will be
consulted before the command-line is parsed. This means that
configuration files will override default values, and the command-line
will in turn override configuration files.  Furthermore, if multiple
configuration files apply, values from "earlier" files are overridden
by "later" files.


Location and names of config files
----------------------------------

The names and locations of the configuration files vary slightly
across platforms.  On Unix and macOS, the three configuration files
(in the order they are processed) are:

+----------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------+
| 文件类型       | 位置和文件名                                               | 备注    |
|================|============================================================|=========|
| system         | "*prefix*/lib/python*ver*/distutils/distutils.cfg"         | (1)     |
+----------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------+
| personal       | "$HOME/.pydistutils.cfg"                                   | (2)     |
+----------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------+
| local          | "setup.cfg"                                                | (3)     |
+----------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------+

而在 Windows 中，配置文件为:

+----------------+---------------------------------------------------+---------+
| 文件类型       | 位置和文件名                                      | 备注    |
|================|===================================================|=========|
| system         | "*prefix*\Lib\distutils\distutils.cfg"            | (4)     |
+----------------+---------------------------------------------------+---------+
| personal       | "%HOME%\pydistutils.cfg"                          | (5)     |
+----------------+---------------------------------------------------+---------+
| local          | "setup.cfg"                                       | (3)     |
+----------------+---------------------------------------------------+---------+

On all platforms, the "personal" file can be temporarily disabled by
passing the "--no-user-cfg" option.

注释：

1. Strictly speaking, the system-wide configuration file lives in the
   directory where the Distutils are installed; under Python 1.6 and
   later on Unix, this is as shown. For Python 1.5.2, the Distutils
   will normally be installed to "*prefix*/lib/python1.5/site-
   packages/distutils", so the system configuration file should be put
   there under Python 1.5.2.

2. On Unix, if the "HOME" environment variable is not defined, the
   user's home directory will be determined with the "getpwuid()"
   function from the standard "pwd" module. This is done by the
   "os.path.expanduser()" function used by Distutils.

3. I.e., in the current directory (usually the location of the setup
   script).

4. (See also note (1).)  Under Python 1.6 and later, Python's default
   "installation prefix" is "C:\Python", so the system configuration
   file is normally "C:\Python\Lib\distutils\distutils.cfg". Under
   Python 1.5.2, the default prefix was "C:\Program Files\Python", and
   the Distutils were not part of the standard library---so the system
   configuration file would be "C:\Program
   Files\Python\distutils\distutils.cfg" in a standard Python 1.5.2
   installation under Windows.

5. On Windows, if the "HOME" environment variable is not defined,
   "USERPROFILE" then "HOMEDRIVE" and "HOMEPATH" will be tried. This
   is done by the "os.path.expanduser()" function used by Distutils.


Syntax of config files
----------------------

The Distutils configuration files all have the same syntax.  The
config files are grouped into sections.  There is one section for each
Distutils command, plus a "global" section for global options that
affect every command.  Each section consists of one option per line,
specified as "option=value".

For example, the following is a complete config file that just forces
all commands to run quietly by default:

   [global]
   verbose=0

If this is installed as the system config file, it will affect all
processing of any Python module distribution by any user on the
current system.  If it is installed as your personal config file (on
systems that support them), it will affect only module distributions
processed by you.  And if it is used as the "setup.cfg" for a
particular module distribution, it affects only that distribution.

You could override the default "build base" directory and make the
**build*** commands always forcibly rebuild all files with the
following:

   [build]
   build-base=blib
   force=1

which corresponds to the command-line arguments

   python setup.py build --build-base=blib --force

except that including the **build** command on the command-line means
that command will be run.  Including a particular command in config
files has no such implication; it only means that if the command is
run, the options in the config file will apply.  (Or if other commands
that derive values from it are run, they will use the values in the
config file.)

You can find out the complete list of options for any command using
the "--help" option, e.g.:

   python setup.py build --help

and you can find out the complete list of global options by using "--
help" without a command:

   python setup.py --help

See also the "Reference" section of the "Distributing Python Modules"
manual.


Building Extensions: Tips and Tricks
====================================

Whenever possible, the Distutils try to use the configuration
information made available by the Python interpreter used to run the
"setup.py" script. For example, the same compiler and linker flags
used to compile Python will also be used for compiling extensions.
Usually this will work well, but in complicated situations this might
be inappropriate.  This section discusses how to override the usual
Distutils behaviour.


Tweaking compiler/linker flags
------------------------------

Compiling a Python extension written in C or C++ will sometimes
require specifying custom flags for the compiler and linker in order
to use a particular library or produce a special kind of object code.
This is especially true if the extension hasn't been tested on your
platform, or if you're trying to cross-compile Python.

In the most general case, the extension author might have foreseen
that compiling the extensions would be complicated, and provided a
"Setup" file for you to edit.  This will likely only be done if the
module distribution contains many separate extension modules, or if
they often require elaborate sets of compiler flags in order to work.

A "Setup" file, if present, is parsed in order to get a list of
extensions to build.  Each line in a "Setup" describes a single
module.  Lines have the following structure:

   module ... [sourcefile ...] [cpparg ...] [library ...]

Let's examine each of the fields in turn.

* *module* is the name of the extension module to be built, and should
  be a valid Python identifier.  You can't just change this in order
  to rename a module (edits to the source code would also be needed),
  so this should be left alone.

* *sourcefile* is anything that's likely to be a source code file, at
  least judging by the filename.  Filenames ending in ".c" are assumed
  to be written in C, filenames ending in ".C", ".cc", and ".c++" are
  assumed to be C++, and filenames ending in ".m" or ".mm" are assumed
  to be in Objective C.

* *cpparg* is an argument for the C preprocessor,  and is anything
  starting with "-I", "-D", "-U" or "-C".

* *library* is anything ending in ".a" or beginning with "-l" or "-L".

If a particular platform requires a special library on your platform,
you can add it by editing the "Setup" file and running "python
setup.py build". For example, if the module defined by the line

   foo foomodule.c

must be linked with the math library "libm.a" on your platform, simply
add "-lm" to the line:

   foo foomodule.c -lm

Arbitrary switches intended for the compiler or the linker can be
supplied with the "-Xcompiler" *arg* and "-Xlinker" *arg* options:

   foo foomodule.c -Xcompiler -o32 -Xlinker -shared -lm

The next option after "-Xcompiler" and "-Xlinker" will be appended to
the proper command line, so in the above example the compiler will be
passed the "-o32" option, and the linker will be passed "-shared".  If
a compiler option requires an argument, you'll have to supply multiple
"-Xcompiler" options; for example, to pass "-x c++" the "Setup" file
would have to contain "-Xcompiler -x -Xcompiler c++".

Compiler flags can also be supplied through setting the "CFLAGS"
environment variable.  If set, the contents of "CFLAGS" will be added
to the compiler flags specified in the  "Setup" file.


在 Windows 上使用非 Microsoft 编辑器
------------------------------------


Borland/CodeGear C++
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This subsection describes the necessary steps to use Distutils with
the Borland C++ compiler version 5.5.  First you have to know that
Borland's object file format (OMF) is different from the format used
by the Python version you can download from the Python or ActiveState
web site.  (Python is built with Microsoft Visual C++, which uses COFF
as the object file format.) For this reason you have to convert
Python's library "python25.lib" into the Borland format.  You can do
this as follows:

   coff2omf python25.lib python25_bcpp.lib

The "coff2omf" program comes with the Borland compiler.  The file
"python25.lib" is in the "Libs" directory of your Python installation.
If your extension uses other libraries (zlib, ...) you have to convert
them too.

The converted files have to reside in the same directories as the
normal libraries.

How does Distutils manage to use these libraries with their changed
names?  If the extension needs a library (eg. "foo") Distutils checks
first if it finds a library with suffix "_bcpp" (eg. "foo_bcpp.lib")
and then uses this library.  In the case it doesn't find such a
special library it uses the default name ("foo.lib".) [1]

To let Distutils compile your extension with Borland C++ you now have
to type:

   python setup.py build --compiler=bcpp

If you want to use the Borland C++ compiler as the default, you could
specify this in your personal or system-wide configuration file for
Distutils (see section Distutils 配置文件Configuration Files.)

参见:

  C++Builder Compiler
     有关 Borland 发布的免费 C++ 编译器的信息，包括下载页面的链接。

  Creating Python Extensions Using Borland's Free Compiler
     介绍如何使用 Borland 发布的免费命令行方式 C++ 编译器构建 Python
     的文档。


GNU C / Cygwin / MinGW
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This section describes the necessary steps to use Distutils with the
GNU C/C++ compilers in their Cygwin and MinGW distributions. [2] For a
Python interpreter that was built with Cygwin, everything should work
without any of these following steps.

Not all extensions can be built with MinGW or Cygwin, but many can.
Extensions most likely to not work are those that use C++ or depend on
Microsoft Visual C extensions.

To let Distutils compile your extension with Cygwin you have to type:

   python setup.py build --compiler=cygwin

and for Cygwin in no-cygwin mode [3] or for MinGW type:

   python setup.py build --compiler=mingw32

If you want to use any of these options/compilers as default, you
should consider writing it in your personal or system-wide
configuration file for Distutils (see section Distutils 配置文件
Configuration Files.)


旧版 Python 和 MinGW
""""""""""""""""""""

The following instructions only apply if you're using a version of
Python inferior to 2.4.1 with a MinGW inferior to 3.0.0 (with
binutils-2.13.90-20030111-1).

These compilers require some special libraries.  This task is more
complex than for Borland's C++, because there is no program to convert
the library.  First you have to create a list of symbols which the
Python DLL exports. (You can find a good program for this task at htt
ps://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/files/MinGW/Extension/pexports/).

   pexports python25.dll >python25.def

The location of an installed "python25.dll" will depend on the
installation options and the version and language of Windows.  In a
"just for me" installation, it will appear in the root of the
installation directory.  In a shared installation, it will be located
in the system directory.

Then you can create from these information an import library for gcc.

   /cygwin/bin/dlltool --dllname python25.dll --def python25.def --output-lib libpython25.a

The resulting library has to be placed in the same directory as
"python25.lib". (Should be the "libs" directory under your Python
installation directory.)

If your extension uses other libraries (zlib,...) you might  have to
convert them too. The converted files have to reside in the same
directories as the normal libraries do.

参见:

  在 MS Windows 平台上使用 MinGW 构建 Python 模块
     针对 MinGW 环境生成必要的库的相关信息

-[ 备注 ]-

[1] 这也意味着你可以将现有的全部 COFF 库替换为同名的 OMF 库。

[2] 请查看 https://www.sourceware.org/cygwin/ 了解更多信息

[3] 你将没有可用的 POSIX 模拟，但你也将不再需要 "cygwin1.dll"。
